two conditioning paradigms:
Pavlov / Rescorla classical conditioning (Hilgard and Marquis, 1940) also called respondent conditioning (Skinner, 1938)	Thorndike / Skinner operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938) also called instrumental conditioning (Hilgard and Marquis, 1940)
what kind of regularities are learned?
those that the animal can't control relations between stimuli out in the world	those that the animal can control relations between animal's behavior and its consequences
what are the relevant events and in what sequence must they occur?
CS - US/REINFORCEMENT - UR/CR S - REINF - R	(discriminative) stimulus - response - REINFORCEMENT S - R - REINF
does reinforcement depend on the animal's behavior / response?
no - presented independent of behavior	yes - contingent on behavior according to reinforcement schedule
is the response elicited or emitted?
elicited - US causes UR; animal is forced to respond	emitted - reinf. doesn't cause response; animal responds at will
what is the nature of the response to be made?
reflex or other visceral response (i.e., in tissues and organs) usually involuntary	action or skeletal response (e.g., movement of limbs) usually voluntary
what does the animal "learn"?
learns a signal, i.e., that US is coming (CS->US)	learns a behavior, i.e., one that brings about a reinforcement
what is the principle or mechanism governing the conditioning process?
Rescorla (and us): contingency / dependency of US on CS (Pavlov: contiguity / frequency of CS-US pairing)	law of effect: utility or consequences of response (contiguity's role: delay of reinforcement weakens response)